Pathway independent refers to variables or quantities whose values do not depend on how they were achieved but only on the initial and final states.
Potential Energy: This is pathway independent because it depends only on an object's position relative to other objects.
Pressure: In physics and chemistry, pressure is considered pathway independent as it relies solely on force per unit area at any given moment.
Volume: Another example of pathway independent property in thermodynamics. It doesn't matter how the volume was achieved; all that matters is its current value.
AP Chemistry - 6.9 Hess’s Law
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