The time period from 1648 to 1815, also known as the Early Modern Era or the Long Eighteenth Century, marked a significant period of transformation in Europe. It encompasses events such as the Peace of Westphalia, the Enlightenment, and the French Revolution.
Peace of Westphalia: A series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648 and established principles like religious tolerance and state sovereignty.
Enlightenment: An intellectual movement during the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, science, individualism, and skepticism towards traditional authority.
French Revolution: A revolutionary period in France from 1789 to 1799 that led to radical political and social changes, including the end of monarchy and rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.
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