16th-century Europe

Protestant Reformation: A religious movement in the 16th century that aimed to reform certain practices within the Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of new Protestant denominations.

Catholic Counter-Reformation: The response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation, involving reforms within the church and efforts to regain lost followers.

Religious Wars: Conflicts fought between different religious groups during this time period, such as the French Wars of Religion or the Thirty Years' War.