The 17th-century refers to the period from January 1, 1601, to December 31, 1700. In European history, this era witnessed numerous significant events and transformations that shaped politics, culture, and society in various countries.
Thirty Years' War: A devastating conflict fought primarily within the Holy Roman Empire between Protestant and Catholic states from 1618 to 1648.
English Civil War: A series of armed conflicts in England (1642–1651) between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") supporting Oliver Cromwell and Royalists ("Cavaliers") supporting King Charles I.
Peace of Westphalia: A series of peace treaties signed in 1648 that ended both the Thirty Years' War and Eighty Years' War while shaping state sovereignty principles in Europe.
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