A Catholic monarchy refers to a form of government where the ruler has absolute power and is also the head of the Catholic Church.
Divine right of kings: The belief that monarchs are chosen by God and therefore have the right to rule with absolute authority.
Papal States: Territories in Italy that were directly governed by the Pope, showcasing the close relationship between religion and monarchy.
Counter-Reformation: The period in which the Catholic Church responded to Protestantism by implementing reforms and reaffirming its doctrines.
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