Horizontal Shift

Vertical Shift: A vertical shift refers to the movement of a graph up or down along the y-axis. It changes the position of the graph without changing its shape.

Stretch/Compression: Stretching or compressing a graph involves multiplying or dividing its function by a constant value, which affects its vertical size.

Reflection: Reflection is when a graph is flipped over an axis (usually x-axis or y-axis), resulting in an opposite orientation compared to its original form.